Scaling Vision Foundation Models for Toxicologic Pathology
Here, we present TOX-FM, a family of non-clinical PFMs trained on large-scale diverse histopathology datasets of over one million whole slide images consisting of over 60 organs across six animal species from over 14,000 toxicology studies across six decades. We introduce a comprehensive benchmark of 18 non-clinical downstream tasks, incorporate an established benchmark of 9 clinical downstream tasks, and evaluate TOX-FM against state-of-the-art clinical PFMs across both non-clinical and clinical domains. Notably, we explore open questions surrounding domain-specific training and cross-domain generalization, offering insights into the opportunities and challenges of applying PFMs in the n...
| Authors | Jessica Loo, Theodoros Pissas, Byunghak Kang et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CV |
| Published | 19 October 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 19 October 2026 |
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