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Paper · arXiv

CF-NODE: Counterfactual Spatial Node Intervention for Test-Time Adaptation Under Domain Shift, Evaluated Across Five Diabetic Retinopathy Datasets

Automated fundus-based diabetic retinopathy (DR) grading can substantially expand screening capacity, but source-trained models degrade sharply across different cameras, clinics, and patient populations. Existing test-time adaptation methods depend on entropy minimization or target information accumulated from image batches and streams. These mechanisms can reinforce confidently incorrect predictions and break down when clinical images arrive independently. We introduce CF-NODE, a novel counterfactual test-time adaptation framework for cross- domain DR grading. Instead of trusting prediction confidence or estimating a target distribution, CF-NODE asks how each prediction responds under a ...

AuthorsSabarish G, Deepak Parashar
Primary categorycs.LG
Published15 October 2026
Last updated at source15 October 2026
cs.LGcs.CV
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