What and Where in Identifying and Quantifying Conventions in Humans and AI Agents
Cooperative success rests in part on implicit communication. Partners converge on conventions: regularities that give an action meaning beyond its direct effect. Yet conventions are usually observed only indirectly: a score drop when partners are swapped shows that a convention existed, but not what it was or where it was used. In the card game Hanabi, the exact probability that a play fails can be computed from the hints received and the cards in view. Players who use conventions succeed more often than this prediction allows; the resulting margin is the convention gap. Off-belief learning provides a hierarchy of agents (levels 1-5) whose first level uses no conventions by construction a...
| Authors | Makoto Fukushima, Tim Puphal |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.HC |
| Published | 14 October 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 14 October 2026 |
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