Who Improves the Robot? Toward Physical Recursive Self-Improvement

Robots are increasingly autonomous in task execution, yet their improvement remains largely human-driven. This study investigates Physical Recursive Self-Improvement (Physical RSI), in which physical experience guides lasting updates to both a robot's capabilities and its improvement procedure, making subsequent improvement more effective across tasks. Physical RSI faces challenges from noisy observations, continuous dynamics, costly trials, and irreversible consequences. We present an L0-L5 framework that differentiates capability-level from meta-level updates and within-task from across-task gains, reserving L5 for independently verified recursive gain. We study existing methods around ...

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