How Reliable Are Large Language Models for Soil Organic Carbon Assessment? An Australian Benchmark
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an indicator of agricultural soil condition and carbon storage, but numerical outputs from large language models (LLMs) require validation before use in monitoring or management. We evaluated seven general-purpose LLM configurations on three direct-response tasks: estimating 0--10 cm SOC concentrations for 308 Australian paddocks under two information conditions, calculating SOC stock in 120 matched scenarios, and comparing 300 paddock pairs. References were measured SOC records or deterministic calculations; response validity, repeated-call dispersion and estimated API cost were assessed separately. Additional measured soil attributes reduced concentration me...
| Authors | Yingxuan Cheng, Tong Li, Yayong Li et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.PF |
| Published | 13 October 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 13 October 2026 |
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