Accelerating Floating-Point Satisfiability Solving via Gradient Normalization

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers are foundational to software verification, program analysis, and compiler testing, particularly over the theory of Quantifier-Free Floating-Point (QF_FP). While recent optimization-based SMT solvers have successfully applied gradient descent to continuous relaxations of logical formulas, they are fundamentally bottlenecked by gradient domination, a phenomenon where a small subset of difficult clauses hijacks the optimization trajectory, preventing the solver from satisfying the broader formula and trapping it in local minima. To overcome this, we present GradSAT, a novel framework that bridges optimization-based SMT solving with Multi-Task Lear...

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