To Explore The Strange New World Beyond Data Distribution: System Behavior, Causality Tax, and Non-causal Base Model
We show that the causality of language models (LMs) may not be necessary nor optimal. This is the case when system behavior (denoted as $S$) is incorporated as a first-principle Bayesian feature. Here, $S$ refers to extra dominant factors beyond the data space, and they involve coupled effects. Despite being the de facto foundation of modern architecture, recent studies indicate persistent mismatches and contradictions with causality. These issues largely stem from system behavior rather than the data distribution. We therefore propose the SBD framework, which incorporates $S$ as an irreducible component of the evidence lower bound (ELBO). SBD theoretically reveals a counter-intuitive Cau...
| Authors | Xianzhi Zeng, Jiangneng Li, Gao Cong |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.LG |
| Published | 2 October 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 2 October 2026 |
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