Efficient Active Auditing of Multi-Group Fairness with Bias Probes

Over the past decade, Machine Learning (ML) has been trained under dual objectives: minimizing prediction error via Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) while controlling unfairness bias. In practice, however, fairness-aware training often yields limited improvements over standard ERM, making reliable post hoc auditing essential. Existing auditing approaches for black-box models either rely on model reconstruction --exposing systems to extraction attacks-- or directly estimate fairness metrics, offering limited insight into which regions of the data distribution drive bias. More fundamentally, property-specific auditing --aimed at extracting only targeted fairness information without reconst...

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