Compact Language, Complex Model Shifts: How and Where Ambiguity and Underspecification Affect LLMs
We analyze how lexical ambiguity and underspecification affect language model training. We create artificial homonyms and artificial hypernyms as pseudowords and analyze the generative performance of language models as they are trained with increasing amounts of these ambiguous or underspecified pseudoword types. We further analyze whether the models disambiguate ambiguous or underspecified statements and provide a first mechanistic account of how ambiguity and disambiguation are represented internally. Our main results show that both ambiguity and underspecification increase model performance in ways that scale with their influence on the language's type-token ratio. However, the accurac...
| Authors | Michaela Regneri, Nina Scheller, Sören Laue |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 30 September 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 30 September 2026 |
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