A Non-Invasive Cloud-Based Migration Strategy for Post-Quantum Cybersecurity in Smart HVAC Systems: Architecture, Implementation, and Empirical Evaluation
Legacy smart HVAC controllers rely on vendor-cloud TLS secured by ECDH and RSA, both broken by Shor's algorithm, and typical 10-15 year lifespans mean today's devices remain in service through the quantum-threat era. Direct on-device post-quantum cryptography is infeasible: an ESP32-S3, representative of capable HVAC hardware, has only 339 KB free heap against the 900 KB ML-KEM-768 requires, and even classical ECDH-P256 keygen (111.93 ms) dwarfs hardware AES-128 (0.032 ms). We propose a non-invasive PQC proxy, requiring no device, firmware, or vendor-cloud changes, performing ML-KEM-768 encapsulation and ML-DSA-65 authentication (NIST FIPS 203/204) with AES-256-GCM session keys via HKDF, ...
| Authors | Mahedee Zaman Moon, Kaysarul Anas Apurba, Md Hasibul Hasan et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CR |
| Published | 19 August 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 19 August 2026 |
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