From Parameters to Behaviors: A Survey of Model Fusion for Large Language Models
Model fusion integrates the capabilities from source models into a single target model. As of June 2026, Hugging Face hosts more than 2M models. This growing pool provides a rich base for model reuse and capability integration. Yet existing surveys often cover only separate parts of this space, and they do not provide a unified definition or a systematic taxonomy. This survey defines model fusion and organizes prior work into three levels: parameter-level, representation-level, and behavior-level fusion. We also review related metrics, benchmarks, and applications, summarize current challenges, and identify future directions. Our goal is to provide a clear map of this area and support fut...
| Authors | Shuo Cai, Yanggan Gu, Zihao Wang et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 17 September 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 10 October 2026 |
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