Biomedical Reference Generation Remains Unreliable across 26 Large Language Models
Background. Large language models are increasingly used to help write biomedical text but may fabricate references to nonexistent work. How often large language models do so is not well characterized. Methods. We prompted 26 language models from eight developers (2023 to 2026) to supply a missing reference for each of 69 biomedical passages across ten domains. References were classified as verifiable (real paper with a resolving identifier), partial matches (real paper without a resolving identifier), fabricated (no matching indexed paper), or declined (the model refused to supply a reference). A reference was considered correct in every evaluated bibliographic field only when it was veri...
| Authors | Maxim Topaz, Zhihong Zhang, Nir Roguin et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 14 September 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 14 September 2026 |
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