Tree species mapping in Denmark: A comparison of spectral-temporal features with geospatial foundation model embeddings
We map tree species across Denmark using National Forest Inventory plots and EO data, while evaluating the potential of foundation models for large-scale forest characterization. We compare two alternative input representations for tree species classification: (i) manually engineered spectral-temporal features (STF) derived from multi-temporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 observations, and (ii) embeddings generated by the EO FMs TESSERA and AlphaEarth. Both representations are complemented with canopy height information. Random forest, XGBoost, and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) classifiers are evaluated for all input representations, with separate assessments for pure and mixed forest stands....
| Authors | Alkiviadis Koukos, Spyros Kondylatos, Thomas Nord-Larsen et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CV |
| Published | 3 September 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 22 September 2026 |
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