WinoQueer-NL: Assessing Bias in Dutch Language Models toward LGBTQ+ Identities
While English language models have been widely examined for anti-queer bias, Dutch models remain understudied. To address this gap, we developed a culturally and linguistically adapted Dutch dataset based on the English WinoQueer benchmark, containing pairs of stereotypical and counter-stereotypical sentences. To validate and expand it, we conducted an online survey with 43 Dutch queer participants, confirming 145 of 171 stereotypes as culturally relevant and identifying 22 new biases through free-text responses. The final released dataset, comprising 42,906 sentences, was evaluated using a range of Dutch-specific and multilingual models, including both masked language models (MLMs) and a...
| Authors | Jiska Beuk, Gerasimos Spanakis |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 2 September 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 6 October 2026 |
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