Lexical Coupling in GUI Element Grounding: Sentence Embeddings Track Labels across Mobile and Web
GUI grounding evaluations that expose UI elements as text metadata often treat high instruction-element embedding similarity as evidence of semantic grounding. Across three mobile and web benchmarks, we show that this interpretation is frequently confounded by visible-label recovery. Lexical baselines remain competitive at top-1, label-poor targets remain weak for text-only methods, and encoder top-1 hits are predictable from lexical rank, candidate-pool size, and label type. We evaluate each action as a same-screen ranking task, comparing five off-the-shelf single-vector encoders with lexical baselines. Encoders recover some lexical misses, but deployable fusion gains are much smaller th...
| Authors | Qijia Chen, Giulio Jacucci |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 22 August 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 22 August 2026 |
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