Auditing Cross-Lingual Fairness in Language Model Watermarking
Watermarking schemes for large language model output are evaluated almost exclusively on English text using each scheme's detection threshold and a narrow set of quality measurements. Multilingual deployment exposes evaluation-design choices that are inconsequential on English but determine conclusions cross-lingually. We propose an evaluation framework with four components: detection thresholds calibrated empirically per deployment context, a threshold-independent companion measurement that distinguishes calibration failures from detection failures, three disjoint quality measurement paradigms (distributional, paired-semantic, and reference-perplexity), and a generalized-entropy decompos...
| Authors | Alexander Nemecek, Osama Zafar, Debargha Ganguly et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 20 August 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 20 August 2026 |
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