A Content-Aware Pure Permutation with Intrinsic Avalanche Effect: Breaking the Diffusion-Permutation Dichotomy
Pixel permutation is a fundamental tool in image processing, image encryption, and data hiding (including watermarking and steganography) that rearranges pixels without changing their values. A common assumption in the literature is that permutation alone cannot create differential sensitivity; changing one pixel merely relocates that pixel in the output, producing no avalanche effect. This paper challenges this by introducing the Triangular Content-Aware Permutation (TCA) algorithm. The method extracts edge points using Canny and applies Delaunay Triangulation to edges and corners, creating a unique partition. Since triangulation is highly sensitive to image geometry, changing a single p...
| Authors | Zahra Ghoraeian, Mohammad-Reza Sadeghi, Samaneh Mashhadi |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CV |
| Published | 10 August 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 10 August 2026 |
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