The Evolution of Mixture-of-Experts Architectures in Large Language Models: Routing, Topology, Load Balancing, and Expert Parallelism
Mixture-of-Experts models increase parameter capacity while keeping the computation activated by each token bounded, but their architectural evolution cannot be explained by a chronological list of model releases alone. This technical survey synthesizes primary papers, official technical reports, and prior surveys to organize modern Mixture-of-Experts systems along five coupled dimensions: expert granularity, expert topology, routing freedom, the scope of load balancing, and execution structure. We describe eight architectural milestones as a dependency graph with six mainline developments and two orthogonal branches, rather than as eight successive generations. We then analyze individual...
| Authors | Jiguo Li |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 9 August 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 9 August 2026 |
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