SpreadMark: Robust Image Watermarking via Spread-Spectrum Embedding
Invisible image watermarks are increasingly used for deepfake detection and provenance tracking, where they must survive not only incidental distortions but also deliberate removal. We revisit spread-spectrum embedding, a classical watermarking principle, inside a modern neural post-hoc watermarking architecture. Our starting point is a measurement: in existing encoder-decoder schemes each message bit occupies only a small fraction of the image, a shared contributing factor to their fragility, since removal then need only disturb the region a bit occupies. SpreadMark instead spreads each bit as a dense pseudo-random codeword over the whole image and recovers it by matched-filtering a lear...
| Authors | Wei Song, Yuxin Cao, Zhenchang Xing et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CR |
| Published | 4 August 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 18 August 2026 |
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