Safeguard-Conditioned Uplift: Measuring Utility-Risk Frontiers for Dual-Use Biology Assistants

A refusal rate neither identifies which component intervened nor measures its burden on legitimate users. This paper evaluates safeguards for dual-use biology assistants at the action and answer levels. The framework reconstructs the access path, separates provider refusals from downstream actions, and selects thresholds under an intervention budget. A frozen fresh-generation study satisfies its criterion on Claude Opus 4.5, but both passing configurations share one upstream provider effect; none passes on Gemini 2.5 Flash. The fixed Opus policies retain positive selectivity on 104 previously unused released-label pairs, but both fail a 20\% matched-benign constraint. At the answer level,...

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