TRACE: A Two-Channel Robust Attribution Watermark via Complementary Embeddings for LLM-Agent Trajectories
LLM agents reach users through resellers, who may rebrand a developer's agent or substitute a cheaper model. When provenance is disputed, attribution rests on the trajectory log (the record of tool calls, observations, and executed actions, not the model's reasoning), which the reseller stores and processes to meter usage. A watermark must therefore survive an adversary with full read/write access to the very evidence it is detected from; existing agent watermarks do not, as their attribution is read straight off that log. We present TRACE, to our knowledge the first agent watermark that is distortion-free in its action choices, self-synchronizing under deletion, and unconditionally invar...
| Authors | Zheng Gao, Xiaoyu Li, Xiaoyan Feng et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CR |
| Published | 9 July 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 9 July 2026 |
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