Multi-Channel Spread-Spectrum Code Watermarking
Attributing code to the large language model that produced it is essential for provenance, licensing, and misuse accountability, yet no deployed watermark meets this need. Generation-time schemes require access to the producing model and cannot be applied to third-party code, while post-hoc schemes work on any code but carry at most 4 bits of payload, far too few to distinguish the many deployed model configurations. We present multi-channel spread-spectrum watermarking, the first post-hoc, training-free code watermark with a 24-bit payload and formal robustness guarantees. The scheme encodes bits in variable naming conventions and in eight pairs of semantically equivalent code patterns, ...
| Authors | Soohyeon Choi, Debin Gao, Yue Duan |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CR |
| Published | 7 July 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 7 July 2026 |
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