Integrating GNSS-Derived Zenith Wet Delay into a Weather Foundation Model Improves Precipitation Forecasting
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), best known for positioning, also serve weather science, as atmospheric water vapour delays their signals. This delay, the Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD), is a direct, all-weather measure of column moisture. Although assimilated into numerical weather prediction for decades, ZWD is not yet used by leading Machine Learning Weather Models (MLWM), despite addressing a known deficiency: the underestimation of severe precipitation. Here we present the first integration of GNSS-derived ZWD into Aurora, a state-of-the-art weather foundation model. Our extended Aurora learns ZWD with skill comparable to its pretrained variables. More importantly, including ZWD s...
| Authors | Leonardo Trentini, Fanny Lehmann, Laura Crocetti et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | physics.ao-ph |
| Published | 6 July 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 26 July 2026 |
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