Beyond travel mode: urban context shapes active mobility's mental health effects over time
Active mobility is widely promoted for sustainable and healthier living, but whether it translates into equitable mental health benefits across individuals and places over time remains unknown. Using causal machine learning and causal deep learning in 264168 UK adults, we find substantial inequalities in individualized effects of active mobility on anxiety, depression, and common mental disorders. These inequalities widen over time and are strongly structured by urban context. For example, anxiety risk at follow-up ranges from a 40.6% reduction to a 10.1% increase across individuals, versus a 10.4% reduction to a 0.1% increase at baseline. Benefits are greatest in greener, safer, less pol...
| Authors | Shujuan Chen, Yue Li, Ying Jin |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.LG |
| Published | 5 July 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 26 July 2026 |
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