An iterative energy-based multimodal transformer for joint retrieval of wheat soil moisture, leaf area index, and plant height from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 time series
Field-scale retrieval of surface soil moisture (SM), leaf area index (LAI), and plant height (PH) is essential for precision agriculture, yet it remains an ill-posed inverse problem. Concurrent variations in soil moisture and canopy density generate substantial ambiguities in radar backscatter and spectral responses, which reduces the effectiveness of traditional feedforward regression models in heterogeneous smallholder cropping systems. This study presents the Iterative Energy-Based Transformer (iEBT) for the joint retrieval of coupled soil-canopy states from Sentinel-1 C-band SAR and Sentinel-2 multispectral time series. Instead of direct regression, iEBT embeds multi-modal predictors ...
| Authors | Shubham Kumar Singh, Peilei Fan, Suraj A. Yadav et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.LG |
| Published | 23 June 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 23 June 2026 |
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