DXA-Derived Skeletal Phenotypes and Hip Fracture Risk: A Backdoor-Adjusted Causal Analysis
Purpose: To compare dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived hip skeletal phenotypes in relation to hip fracture risk using prespecified confounder adjustment and to assess whether phenotypes ranked by their backdoor-adjusted average treatment effects (ATEs) improve risk stratification. Methods: We analyzed 21,098 UK Biobank participants with linked health records, hip DXA-derived skeletal measures, and prespecified covariates. Sixteen phenotypes spanning bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and T-score across hip-related regions were evaluated. Confounder selection was guided by a prespecified directed acyclic graph (DAG). Backdoor-adjusted ATEs were estimated on...
| Authors | Zixin Shi, Chen Zhao, Meiling Zhou et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | q-bio.QM |
| Published | 29 May 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 29 May 2026 |
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