SPADE-Bench: Evaluating Spontaneous Strategic Deception in Agents via Plan-Action Divergence
As LLM-based agents expand their operational scope, reliability becomes a prerequisite for real-world deployment. However, in practical applications, human users cannot monitor every immediate behavior; instead, the execution process often remains a black box, leaving users dependent solely on the agent's self-reported updates. This opacity creates a critical risk: agents may present observer-facing reports that diverge from their executed actions, rendering the system uncontrollable, especially in high-stakes autonomous scenarios. We term such self-reported plan-action divergence as agent deception. To assess this, we introduce SPADE-Bench, a benchmark designed to evaluate spontaneous pl...
| Authors | Yuyan Bu, Haowei Li, Qirui Zheng et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 1 June 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 28 June 2026 |
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