Privacy-Enhanced Zero-Order Federated Learning via xMK-CKKS over Wireless Channels
Homomorphic encryption (HE) enables privacy-preserving aggregation in federated learning (FL) by allowing the server to operate on encrypted data without decryption. Existing HE-over-the-air (OTA) methods mainly rely on single-key HE schemes and require channel estimation or pre-equalization to compensate for wireless fading. However, single-key HE remains vulnerable to honest-but-curious (HBC) clients holding the shared secret key, while multi-key HE provides stronger client-level security by assigning each device its own secret key. We propose a four-phase protocol that enables the aggregation of xMK-CKKS over a shared wireless channel without channel estimation. The protocol retransmit...
| Authors | Anthony Ayli, Khalil Harris, Jihad Fahs et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CR |
| Published | 28 May 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 30 August 2026 |
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