Rotation-Invariant Spherical Watermarking via Third-Order SO(3) Representation Coupling
Reliable watermarking of panoramic imagery is fundamentally challenged by arbitrary 3D rotations. As panoramas are defined on the sphere, they naturally transform under the action of $SO(3)$, rendering conventional planar representations and augmentation-based robustness strategies inadequate and devoid of theoretical guarantees. To address this, we formulate panoramas as spherical signals and leverage $SO(3)$ representation theory to derive provably rotation-invariant descriptors. While spherical harmonic coefficients transform equivariantly under rotations, the natural invariant constructions are typically limited to zeroth-order statistics which eliminate directional information and se...
| Authors | Pengzhen Chen, Yanwei Liu, Xiaoyan Gu et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CV |
| Published | 26 May 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 11 June 2026 |
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