Sign Language Recognition and Translation for Low-Resource Languages: Challenges and Pathways Forward

Sign languages are natural, visual-gestural languages used by Deaf communities worldwide. Over 300 distinct sign languages remain severely low-resource due to limited documentation, sparse datasets, and insufficient computational tools. This systematic review synthesizes literature on sign language recognition and translation for under-resourced languages, using Azerbaijan Sign Language (AzSL) as a case study. Analysis of global initiatives extracts eight actionable lessons, including community co-design, dialectal diversity capture, and privacy-preserving pose-based representations. Turkic sign languages (Kazakh, Turkish, Azerbaijani) receive special attention, as linguistic proximity en...

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