When Safe Concepts Become Unsafe: Multi-Concept Compositional Vulnerabilities in Text-to-Image Models
Text-to-image (T2I) models are increasingly optimized for following user instructions faithfully. However, we find that this capability introduces a safety vulnerability we call Multi-Concept Compositional Unsafety (MCCU). MCCU occurs when multiple individually safe concepts, if combined in a single generation request, lead to harmful or sensitive visual outputs. Unlike prior jailbreak settings, MCCU does not rely on adversarial prompts, model access, or explicitly disallowed content. Instead, the risk emerges from how the model composes multiple safe visual concepts into a single scene. To systematically measure this threat, we build TwoHamsters, a large-scale evaluation framework consis...
| Authors | Chaoshuo Zhang, Yibo Liang, Mengke Tian et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CR |
| Published | 17 April 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 20 June 2026 |
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