Adapting in the Dark: Efficient and Stable Test-Time Adaptation for Black-Box Models
Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) for black-box models accessible only via APIs remains a largely unexplored challenge. Existing approaches such as post-hoc output refinement offer limited adaptive capacity, while Zeroth-Order Optimization (ZOO) enables input-space adaptation but faces high query costs and optimization challenges in the unsupervised TTA setting. We introduce BETA (Black-box Efficient Test-time Adaptation), a framework that addresses these limitations by employing a lightweight, local white-box steering model to create a tractable gradient pathway. Through a prediction harmonization technique combined with consistency regularization and prompt learning-oriented filtering, BETA en...
| Authors | Yunbei Zhang, Shuaicheng Niu, Chengyi Cai et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.LG |
| Published | 17 April 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 17 April 2026 |
Silytics shows public metadata from arXiv and links to the original. Information may be incomplete or out of date. Last refreshed 17 October 2026. Licenses and terms of the original apply to the work itself. Not financial, legal or professional advice.