A Taxonomy of Programming Languages for Code Generation
The world's 7,000+ languages vary widely in the availability of resources for NLP, motivating efforts to systematically categorize them by their degree of resourcefulness (Joshi et al., 2020). A similar disparity exists among programming languages (PLs); however, no resource-tier taxonomy has been established for code. As large language models (LLMs) grow increasingly capable of generating code, such a taxonomy becomes essential. To fill this gap, we present the first reproducible PL resource classification, grouping 646 languages into four tiers. We show that only 1.9% of languages (Tier 3, High) account for 74.6% of all tokens in seven major corpora, while 71.7% of languages (Tier 0, Sc...
| Authors | Nishat Raihan, Christian Newman, Marcos Zampieri |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CL |
| Published | 31 March 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 1 October 2026 |
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