Continued AI Scaling Requires Repeated Efficiency Doublings

This paper argues that continued AI scaling requires repeated efficiency doublings. Classical AI scaling laws remain useful because they make progress predictable despite diminishing returns, but the compute variable in those laws is best read as logical compute, not as a record of one fixed physical implementation. Practical burden therefore depends on the efficiency with which physical resources realize that compute. Under that interpretation, diminishing returns mean rising operational burden, not merely a flatter curve. Sustained progress then requires recurrent gains in hardware, algorithms, and systems that keep additional logical compute feasible at acceptable cost. The relevant an...

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