A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Closed-loop Guidance of Fish Schools via Virtual Agents

Guiding collective motion in biological groups is a fundamental challenge in understanding social interaction rules. In this study, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (RL) framework for closed-loop guidance of fish schools using virtual agents. These agents are controlled by policies trained via Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) in simulation and deployed in physical experiments with rummy-nose tetras (Petitella bleheri), enabling real-time interaction between artificial agents and live individuals. To cope with the stochastic behavior of live individuals, we designed a composite reward function that balances directional guidance with cohesion, providing a form of functional biomim...

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