PPGL-Swarm: Integrated Multimodal Risk Stratification and Hereditary Syndrome Detection in Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors, of which 15-25% develop metastatic disease with 5-year survival rates reported as low as 34%. PPGL may indicate hereditary syndromes requiring stricter, syndrome-specific treatment and surveillance, but clinicians often fail to recognize these associations in routine care. Clinical practice uses GAPP score for PPGL grading, but several limitations remain for PPGL diagnosis: (1) GAPP scoring demands a high workload for clinician because it requires the manual evaluation of six independent components; (2) key components such as cellularity and Ki-67 are often evaluated with subjective criteria; (3) several clinical...
| Authors | Zelin Liu, Xiangfu Yu, Jie Huang et al. |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.CV |
| Published | 23 March 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 23 March 2026 |
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