Detection Is Cheap, Routing Is Learned: Why Refusal-Based Alignment Evaluation Fails
Current alignment evaluation mostly measures whether models encode dangerous concepts and whether they refuse harmful requests. Both miss the layer where alignment often operates: routing from concept detection to behavioral policy. We study political censorship in Chinese-origin language models as a natural experiment, using probes, surgical ablations, and behavioral tests across nine open-weight models from five labs. Three findings follow. First, probe accuracy alone is non-diagnostic: political probes, null controls, and permutation baselines can all reach 100%, so held-out category generalization is the informative test. Second, surgical ablation reveals lab-specific routing. Removin...
| Authors | Gregory N. Frank |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.LG |
| Published | 18 March 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 1 May 2026 |
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