AEX: Non-Intrusive Multi-Hop Attestation and Provenance for LLM APIs

Hosted large language models are increasingly accessed through remote APIs, but the API boundary still offers little direct evidence that a returned output actually corresponds to the client-visible request. Recent audits of shadow APIs show that unofficial or intermediary endpoints can diverge from claimed behavior, while existing approaches such as fingerprinting, model-equality testing, verifiable inference, and TEE attestation either remain inferential or answer different questions. We propose AEX, a non-intrusive attestation extension for existing JSON-based LLM APIs. AEX preserves request, response, tool-calling, streaming, and error semantics, and instead adds a signed top-level at...

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