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Paper · arXiv

Optimizing LLM Annotation of Classroom Discourse through Multi-Agent Orchestration

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly positioned as scalable tools for annotating educational data, including classroom discourse, interaction logs, and qualitative learning artifacts. Their ability to rapidly summarize instructional interactions and assign rubric-aligned labels has fueled optimism about reducing the cost and time associated with expert human annotation. However, growing evidence suggests that single-pass LLM outputs remain unreliable for high-stakes educational constructs that require contextual, pedagogical, or normative judgment, such as instructional intent or discourse moves. This tension between scale and validity sits at the core of contemporary education d...

AuthorsBakhtawar Ahtisham, Kirk Vanacore, Rene F. Kizilcec
Primary categorycs.AI
Published8 March 2026
Last updated at source8 March 2026
cs.AI
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