In-Context Environments Induce Evaluation-Awareness in Language Models
Humans often become more self-aware under threat, yet can lose self-awareness when absorbed in a task; we hypothesize that language models exhibit environment-dependent \textit{evaluation awareness}. This raises concerns that models could strategically underperform, or \textit{sandbag}, to avoid triggering capability-limiting interventions such as unlearning or shutdown. Prior work demonstrates sandbagging under hand-crafted prompts, but this underestimates the true vulnerability ceiling. We introduce a black-box adversarial optimization framework treating the in-context prompt as an optimizable environment, and develop two approaches to characterize sandbagging: (1) measuring whether mod...
| Authors | Maheep Chaudhary |
|---|---|
| Primary category | cs.AI |
| Published | 4 March 2026 |
| Last updated at source | 16 June 2026 |
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